prema-udbhāvita — produced from ecstatic love and emotion; harṣa — jubilation; īrṣyā — envy; udvega — agitation; dainya — submissiveness; ārti — grief; miśritam — mixed with; lapitam — talks like those of a crazy man; gaura-candrasya — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; bhāgyavadbhiḥ — by the most fortunate; niṣevyate — is enjoyable.

jaya jaya — all glories; gauracandra — to Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; jaya — all glories; nityānanda — to Lord Nityānanda Prabhu; jaya — all glories; advaita-candra — to Advaita Prabhu; jaya — all glories; gaura-bhakta-vṛnda — to the devotees of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.

ei-mata — in this way; mahāprabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; vaise nīlācale — resided at Nīlācala; rajanī-divase — day and night; kṛṣṇa-virahe — because of separation from Kṛṣṇa; vihvale — overwhelmed.

svarūpa — Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī; rāmānanda — Rāmānanda Rāya; ei — these; dui-jana-sane — with two persons; rātri-dine — night and day; rasa-gīta-śloka — verses and songs containing the mellows of transcendental bliss; āsvādane — in tasting.

nānā-bhāva — all kinds of emotion; uṭhe — awaken; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; harṣa — jubilation; śoka — lamentation; roṣa — anger; dainya — humility; udvega — anxiety; ārti — grief; utkaṇṭhā — more eagerness; santoṣa — satisfaction.

sei sei bhāve — in that particular emotion; nija-śloka paḍiyā — reciting His own verses; ślokera — of the verses; artha — meaning; āsvādaye — tastes; dui-bandhu lañā — with two friends.

kona dine — sometimes; kona bhāve — in some emotion; śloka-paṭhana — reciting the verses; sei śloka — those verses; āsvādite — to taste; rātri-jāgaraṇa — keeping awake at night.

harṣe — in jubilation; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kahena — says; śuna — please hear; svarūpa-rāma-rāya — My dear Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī and Rāmānanda Rāya; nāma-saṅkīrtana — chanting of the holy name of the Lord; kalau — in the Age of Kali; parama upāya — the most feasible means for deliverance.

saṅkīrtana-yajñe — performing the yajña of chanting the Hare Kṛṣṇa mantra; kalau — in this Age of Kali; kṛṣṇa-ārādhana — the process of worshiping Kṛṣṇa; sei ta’ — such persons; su-medhā — greatly intelligent; pāya — get; kṛṣṇera caraṇa — shelter at the lotus feet of Kṛṣṇa.

kṛṣṇa-varṇam — repeating the syllables kṛṣ-ṇa; tviṣā — with a luster; akṛṣṇam — not black (golden); sa-aṅga — with associates; upāṅga — servitors; astra — weapons; pārṣadam — confidential companions; yajñaiḥ — by sacrifice; saṅkīrtana-prāyaiḥ — consisting chiefly of congregational chanting; yajanti — they worship; hi — certainly; su-medhasaḥ — intelligent persons.

nāma-saṅkīrtana — chanting of the holy names of the Lord; haite — from; sarva-anartha-nāśa — destruction of all undesirable things; sarva-śubha-udaya — awakening of all good fortune; kṛṣṇa-premera ullāsa — the beginning of the flow of love of Kṛṣṇa.

cetaḥ — of the heart; darpaṇa — the mirror; mārjanam — cleansing; bhava — of material existence; mahā-dāva-agni — the blazing forest fire; nirvāpaṇam — extinguishing; śreyaḥ — of good fortune; kairava — the white lotus; candrikā — the moonshine; vitaraṇam — spreading; vidyā — of all education; vadhū — wife; jīvanam — the life; ānanda — of bliss; ambudhi — the ocean; vardhanam — increasing; prati-padam — at every step; pūrṇa-amṛta — of the full nectar; āsvādanam — giving a taste; sarva — for everyone; ātma-snapanam — bathing of the self; param — transcendental; vijayate — let there be victory; śrī-kṛṣṇa-saṅkīrtanam — for the congregational chanting of the holy name of Kṛṣṇa.

saṅkīrtana haite — from the process of chanting the holy name; pāpa-saṁsāra-nāśana — annihilation of materialistic life resulting from sins; citta-śuddhi — cleansing of the heart; sarva-bhakti — all kinds of devotional service; sādhana — of the performances; udgama — awakening.

kṛṣṇa-prema-udgama — awakening of love for Kṛṣṇa; prema-amṛta-āsvādana — tasting of the transcendental bliss of love for Kṛṣṇa; kṛṣṇa-prāpti — attainment of the lotus feet of Kṛṣṇa; sevā-amṛta — of the nectar of service; samudre — in the ocean; majjana — immersing.

uṭhila viṣāda — there was awakening of lamentation; dainya — humility; paḍe — recites; āpana-śloka — His own verse; yāhāra — of which; artha śuni’ — hearing the meaning; saba — all; yāya — go away; duḥkha-śoka — unhappiness and lamentation.

nāmnām — of the holy names of the Lord; akāri — manifested; bahudhā — various kinds; nija-sarva-śaktiḥ — all kinds of personal potencies; tatra — in that; arpitā — bestowed; niyamitaḥ — restricted; smaraṇe — in remembering; na — not; kālaḥ — consideration of time; etādṛśī — so much; tava — Your; kṛpā — mercy; bhagavan — O Lord; mama — My; api — although; durdaivam — misfortune; īdṛśam — such; iha — in this (the holy name); ajani — was born; na — not; anurāgaḥ — attachment.

aneka-lokera — of many persons; vāñchā — the desires; aneka-prakāra — of many varieties; kṛpāte — by Your mercy; karila — You have done; aneka — various; nāmera — of the holy names; pracāra — broadcasting.

khāite — eating; śuite — lying down; yathā — as; tathā — so; nāma laya — one takes the holy name; kāla — in time; deśa — in place; niyama — regulation; nāhi — there is not; sarva siddhi haya — there is all perfection.

sarva-śakti — all potencies; nāme — in the holy name; dilā — You have bestowed; kariyā vibhāga — making separation; āmāra durdaiva — My misfortune; nāme — for chanting the holy names; nāhi — there is not; anurāga — attachment.

ye-rūpe — by which process; la-ile — if chanting; nāma — the holy name; prema upajaya — dormant love of Kṛṣṇa awakens; tāhāra lakṣaṇa śuna — just hear the symptom of that; svarūpa-rāma-rāya — O Svarūpa Dāmodara and Rāmānanda Rāya.

tṛṇāt api — than downtrodden grass; su-nīcena — being lower; taroḥ — than a tree; iva — like; sahiṣṇunā — with tolerance; amāninā — without being puffed up by false pride; māna-dena — giving respect to all; kīrtanīyaḥ — to be chanted; sadā — always; hariḥ — the holy name of the Lord.

uttama hañā — although being very much exalted; āpanāke — himself; māne — thinks; tṛṇa-adhama — lower than a blade of the grass on the ground; dui-prakāre — in two ways; sahiṣṇutā — tolerance; kare — performs; vṛkṣa-sama — like the tree.

vṛkṣa — a tree; yena — as; kāṭileha — when it is cut; kichu nā bolaya — does not say anything; śukāñā — drying up; maileha — if dying; kāre — anyone; pāni — water; nā māgaya — does not ask for.

yei ye māgaye — if anyone asks anything from the tree; tāre — unto him; deya — gives; āpana-dhana — its own wealth; gharma-vṛṣṭi — the scorching heat of the sun and torrents of rain; sahe — tolerates; ānera — to others; karaye rakṣaṇa — gives protection.

uttama hañā — although being very much exalted; vaiṣṇava — a devotee; habe — should become; nirabhimāna — without pride; jīve — to all living entities; sammāna dibe — should give respect; jāni’ — knowing; kṛṣṇa-adhiṣṭhāna — the resting place of Kṛṣṇa.

ei-mata — in this way; hañā — becoming; yei — anyone who; kṛṣṇa-nāma laya — chants the holy name of Kṛṣṇa; śrī-kṛṣṇa-caraṇe — at the lotus feet of Lord Kṛṣṇa; tāṅra — his; prema upajaya — love of Kṛṣṇa awakens.

kahite kahite — speaking like this; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; dainya — humility; bāḍilā — increased; śuddha-bhakti — pure devotional service; kṛṣṇa-ṭhāñi — from Kṛṣṇa; māgite lāgilā — began to pray for.

premera svabhāva — the nature of love of Godhead; yāhāṅ — where; premera sambandha — a relationship of love of Godhead; sei māne — he recognizes; kṛṣṇe — unto Lord Kṛṣṇa; mora — my; nāhi — there is not; prema-gandha — even a scent of love of Godhead.

na — not; dhanam — riches; na — not; janam — followers; na — not; sundarīm — a very beautiful woman; kavitām — fruitive activities described in flowery language; vā — or; jagat-īśa — O Lord of the universe; kāmaye — I desire; mama — My; janmani — in birth; janmani — after birth; īśvare — unto the Supreme Personality of Godhead; bhavatāt — let there be; bhaktiḥ — devotional service; ahaitukī — with no motives; tvayi — unto You.

dhana — wealth; jana — followers; nāhi — do not; māgoṅ — I want; kavitā sundarī — a beautiful wife or fruitive activities; śuddha-bhakti — pure devotional service; deha’ — please award; more — unto Me; kṛṣṇa — O Lord Kṛṣṇa; kṛpā kari’ — becoming merciful.

ati-dainye — in great humility; punaḥ — again; māge — begs; dāsya-bhakti-dāna — the awarding of devotion in servitude; āpanāre — to Himself; kare — does; saṁsārī — materialistic; jīva-abhimāna — conception as a conditioned soul.

ayi — O My Lord; nanda-tanuja — the son of Nanda Mahārāja, Kṛṣṇa; kiṅkaram — the servant; patitam — fallen; mām — Me; viṣame — horrible; bhava-ambudhau — in the ocean of nescience; kṛpayā — by causeless mercy; tava — Your; pāda-paṅkaja — lotus feet; sthita — situated at; dhūlī-sadṛśam — like a particle of dust; vicintaya — kindly consider.

tomāra — Your; nitya-dāsa — eternal servant; mui — I; tomā pāsariyā — forgetting Your Lordship; paḍiyāchoṅ — I have fallen; bhava-arṇave — in the ocean of nescience; māyā-baddha hañā — becoming conditioned by the external energy.

kṛpā kari’ — being merciful; kara — make; more — Me; pada-dhūli-sama — like a particle of dust at Your lotus feet; tomāra sevaka — as I am Your eternal servant; karoṅ — let Me be engaged; tomāra sevana — in Your service.

punaḥ — again; ati-utkaṇṭhā — great eagerness; dainya — humility; ha-ila udgama — were awakened; kṛṣṇa-thāñi — from Lord Kṛṣṇa; māge — prays for; prema — in ecstatic love; nāma-saṅkīrtana — chanting the mahā-mantra.

nayanam — the eyes; galat-aśru-dhārayā — by streams of tears running down; vadanam — mouth; gadgada — faltering; ruddhayā — choked up; girā — with words; pulakaiḥ — with erection of the hairs due to transcendental happiness; nicitam — covered; vapuḥ — the body; kadā — when; tava — Your; nāma-grahaṇe — in chanting the name; bhaviṣyati — will be.

prema-dhana — the wealth of ecstatic love; vinā — without; vyartha — useless; daridra jīvana — poor life; dāsa kari’ — accepting as Your eternal servant; vetana — salary; more — unto Me; deha — give; prema-dhana — the treasure of love of Godhead.

rasa-antara-āveśe — in the ecstatic love characterized by different mellows; ha-ila — there was; viyoga-sphuraṇa — awakening of separation; udvega — distress; viṣāda — moroseness; dainye — humility; kare pralapana — speaks like a crazy person.

yugāyitam — appearing like a great millennium; nimeṣeṇa — by a moment; cakṣuṣā — from the eyes; prāvṛṣāyitam — tears falling like torrents of rain; śūnyāyitam — appearing void; jagat — the world; sarvam — all; govinda — from Lord Govinda, Kṛṣṇa; viraheṇa me — by My separation.

udvege — by great agitation; divasa — day; nā — not; yāya — passes; kṣaṇa — a moment; haila — became; yuga-sama — like a great millennium; varṣāra — of the rainy season; megha-prāya — like clouds; aśru — tears; variṣe — fall down; nayana — from the eyes.

govinda-virahe — by separation from Govinda; śūnya — void; ha-ila — became; tri-bhuvana — the three worlds; tuṣa-anale — in the slow fire; poḍe — burns; yena — just like; nā yāya — does not go; jīvana — life.

kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; udāsīna — indifferent; ha-ilā — became; karite — to make; parīkṣaṇa — testing; sakhī saba kahe — all the friends say; kṛṣṇe — unto Kṛṣṇa; kara — just do; upekṣaṇa — neglecting.

eteka — thus; cintite — thinking; rādhāra — of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; nirmala hṛdaya — possessing a pure heart; svābhāvika — natural; premāra — of love of Kṛṣṇa; svabhāva — the character; karila udaya — awakes.

īrṣyā — envy; utkaṇṭhā — eagerness; dainya — humility; prauḍhi — zeal; vinaya — solicitation; eta bhāva — all these transcendental ecstasies; eka-ṭhāñi — in one place; karila udaya — awoke.

eta bhāve — in that mood; rādhāra — of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; mana — the mind; asthira ha-ilā — became agitated; sakhī-gaṇa-āge — before the friends, the gopīs; prauḍhi-śloka — advanced devotional verse; ye — which; paḍilā — She recited.

sei bhāve — in that ecstatic mood; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; sei — that; śloka — verse; uccārilā — recited; śloka — the verse; uccārite — by reciting; tat-rūpa — like Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; āpane — Himself; ha-ilā — became.

āśliṣya — embracing with great pleasure; vā — or; pāda-ratām — who have fallen at the lotus feet; pinaṣṭu — let Him trample; mām — Me; adarśanāt — by not being visible; marma-hatām — brokenhearted; karotu — let Him make; vā — or; yathā — as (He likes); tathā — so; vā — or; vidadhātu — let Him do; lampaṭaḥ — a debauchee, who mixes with other women; mat-prāṇa-nāthaḥ — the Lord of My life; tu — but; saḥ — He; eva — only; na aparaḥ — not anyone else.

āmi — I; kṛṣṇa-pada-dāsī — a maidservant at the lotus feet of Kṛṣṇa; teṅho — He; rasa-sukha-rāśi — the reservoir of transcendental mellows; āliṅgiyā — by embracing; kare — makes; ātma-sātha — merged; kibā — or; nā deya — does not give; daraśana — audience; jārena — corrodes; mora — My; tanu-mana — body and mind; tabu — still; teṅho — He; mora prāṇa-nātha — the Lord of My life.

sakhi he — My dear friend; śuna — just hear; mora — My; manera — of the mind; niścaya — decision; kibā — whether; anurāga — affection; kare — shows; kibā — or; duḥkha — unhappiness; diyā — bestowing; māre — kills; mora — My; prāṇa-īśvara — the Lord of life; kṛṣṇa — Kṛṣṇa; anya naya — and no one else.

chāḍi’ — giving up; anya — other; nārī-gaṇa — women; mora — My; vaśa — control; tanu-mana — mind and body; mora — My; saubhāgya — fortune; prakaṭa kariyā — manifesting; tā-sabāre — unto all of them; deya pīḍā — gives distress; āmā-sane — with Me; kare krīḍā — performs loving activities; sei nārī-gaṇe — unto these women; dekhāñā — showing.

kibā — or; teṅho — He; lampaṭa — debauchee; śaṭha — deceitful; dhṛṣṭa — obstinate; sakapaṭa — with a cheating propensity; anya — other; nārī-gaṇa — women; kari’ — accepting; sātha — as companions; more — unto Me; dite — to give; manaḥ-pīḍā — distress in the mind; mora āge — in front of Me; kare krīḍā — performs loving affairs; tabu — still; teṅho — He; mora prāṇa-nātha — the Lord of My life.

nā — not; gaṇi — I count; āpana-duḥkha — own personal misery; sabe — only; vāñchi — I desire; tāṅra sukha — His happiness; tāṅra sukha — His happiness; āmāra tātparya — the aim of My life; more — unto Me; yadi — if; diyā duḥkha — giving distress; tāṅra — His; haila — there was; mahā-sukha — great happiness; sei duḥkha — that unhappiness; mora sukha-varya — the best of My happiness.

ye nārīre — the woman whom; vāñche kṛṣṇa — Kṛṣṇa desires to have in His company; tāra rūpe satṛṣṇa — attracted to her beauty; tāre — her; nā pāñā — not getting; haya duḥkhī — becomes unhappy; mui — I; tāra pāya paḍi’ — falling down at her feet; lañā yāṅa — taking, go; hāte dhari’ — catching the hand; krīḍā — pastimes; karāñā — bringing about; tāṅre — Lord Kṛṣṇa; karoṅ sukhī — I make happy.

kāntā — the beloved; kṛṣṇe — unto Lord Kṛṣṇa; kare roṣa — shows anger; kṛṣṇa pāya santoṣa — Kṛṣṇa becomes very happy; sukha pāya — obtains happiness; tāḍana-bhartsane — by chastisement; yathā-yogya — as it is suitable; kare māna — shows pride; kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; tāte — in such activities; sukha pāna — obtains happiness; chāḍe māna — gives up pride; alpa-sādhane — by a little endeavor.

sei nārī — that woman; jīye — lives; kene — why; kṛṣṇa-marma — Kṛṣṇa’s heart; vyathā — unhappy; jāne — knows; tabu — still; kṛṣṇe — unto Kṛṣṇa; kare — does; gāḍha roṣa — deep anger; nija-sukhe — in her own happiness; māne — considers; kāja — the only business; paḍuka — let there fall; tāre — of her; śire — on the head; vāja — a thunderbolt; kṛṣṇera — of Kṛṣṇa; mātra — only; cāhiye — we want; santoṣa — the happiness.

ye gopī — any gopī who; mora — unto Me; kare dveṣe — shows envy; kṛṣṇera kare santoṣe — but satisfies Kṛṣṇa; kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; yāre — unto whom; kare — does; abhilāṣa — desiring; mui — I; tāra — her; ghare yāñā — going to the house; tāre sevoṅ — shall render service unto her; dāsī hañā — becoming a maidservant; tabe — then; mora — My; sukhera ullāsa — awakening of happiness.

kuṣṭhī-viprera — of a brāhmaṇa who suffered from leprosy; ramaṇī — the wife; pati-vratā-śiromaṇi — the topmost of chaste women; pati lāgi’ — for the satisfaction of her husband; kailā — performed; veśyāra sevā — service to a prostitute; stambhila — stopped; sūryera gati — the movement of the sun; jīyāila — revived; mṛta pati — the dead husband; tuṣṭa kaila — satisfied; mukhya — the principal; tina-devā — three deities or demigods.

kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; mora jīvana — My life and soul; kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; mora prāṇa-dhana — the wealth of My life; kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; mora prāṇera parāṇa — the life of My life; hṛdaya-upare — on My heart; dharoṅ — I hold; sevā kari’ — serving; sukhī karoṅ — I make happy; ei — this; mora — My; sadā — always; rahe — remains; dhyāna — meditation.

mora sukha — My happiness; sevane — in service; kṛṣṇera sukha — Kṛṣṇa’s happiness; saṅgame — by union with Me; ataeva — therefore; deha — My body; deṅa — I offer; dāna — as charity; kṛṣṇa — Lord Kṛṣṇa; more — Me; kāntā kari’ — accepting as beloved; kahe — says; more — to Me; prāṇa-īśvari — the most beloved; mora — My; haya — there is; dāsī-abhimāna — considering His maidservant.

kānta-sevā-sukha-pūra — the service of the Lord is the home of happiness; saṅgama haite su-madhura — sweeter than direct union; tāte — in that; sākṣī — evidence; lakṣmī ṭhākurāṇī — the goddess of fortune; nārāyaṇa-hṛdi — on the heart of Nārāyaṇa; sthiti — situation; tabu — still; pāda-sevāya mati — her desire is to serve the lotus feet; sevā kare — renders service; dāsī-abhimānī — considering herself a maidservant.

ei — these; rādhāra vacana — the statements of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; viśuddha-prema-lakṣaṇa — the symptoms of pure love of Kṛṣṇa; āsvādaye — tastes; śrī-gaura-rāya — Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; bhāve — because of this ecstasy; mana nahe sthira — the mind is not steady; sāttvike — the symptoms of transcendental love; vyāpe — spread over; śarīra — the body; mana-deha — mind and body; dharaṇa — sustaining; nā yāya — is not possible.

vrajera — of Vṛndāvana; viśuddha-prema — the pure love of Kṛṣṇa; yena — like; jāmbū-nada hema — the golden particles found in the Jāmbū River; ātma-sukhera — of personal sense gratification; yāhāṅ — where; nāhi gandha — there is not even a scent; se prema — that love of Godhead; jānā’te loke — to advertise among the people; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kailā — has written; ei śloke — this verse; pade — in different steps; kailā arthera nirbandha — has clarified the real meaning.

ei-mata — in this way; mahāprabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; bhāva-āviṣṭa hañā — being overwhelmed by ecstatic love; pralāpa karilā — said crazy words; tat-tat — appropriate; śloka paḍiyā — by reciting verses.

pūrve — formerly; aṣṭa-śloka kari’ — composing eight verses; loke śikṣā dilā — gave instruction to the people in general; sei — those; aṣṭa-ślokera — of the eight stanzas; artha — the meaning; āpane āsvādilā — personally tasted.

prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; śikṣā-aṣṭaka — of the eight instructions; śloka — the verses; yei — anyone who; paḍe — recites; śune — or hears; kṛṣṇe — unto Lord Kṛṣṇa; prema-bhakti — ecstatic love and devotion; tāra — his; bāḍe — increases; dine-dine — day after day.

yadyapiha — although; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; koṭī-samudra-gambhīra — as deep as millions of oceans; nānā — various; bhāva — of ecstatic emotions; candrodaye — because of the moonrise; hayena — sometimes becomes; asthira — restless.

yei yei — whatever; śloka — verses; jayadeva — Jayadeva Gosvāmī; bhāgavate — in Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam; rāyera nāṭake — in the drama composed by Rāmānanda Rāya; yei — whatever; āra — also; karṇāmṛte — in the book named Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta, written by Bilvamaṅgala Ṭhākura; sei sei bhāve — in those ecstatic emotions; śloka — verses; kariyā paṭhane — reading regularly; sei sei — in that particular; bhāva-āveśe — ecstatic love; karena āsvādane — He tastes.

dvādaśa vatsara — for twelve years; aiche daśā — such a condition; rātri-dine — day and night; kṛṣṇa-rasa — transcendental bliss and mellows in connection with Kṛṣṇa; āsvādaye — He tastes; dui-bandhu-sane — with two friends, namely Rāmānanda Rāya and Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī.

sei saba — all these; līlā-rasa — transcendental mellows of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu’s pastimes; āpane — personally; ananta — the Personality of Godhead Ananta; sahasra-vadane — with His thousands of faces; varṇi’ — describing; nāhi — not; pā’na — gets; anta — the limit.

jīva — living being; kṣudra-buddhi — limited intelligence; kon — who; tāhā — that; pāre — is able; varṇite — to write; tāra — of that; eka kaṇā — one particle; sparśi — I touch; āpanā śodhite — to correct myself.

yata ceṣṭā — all activities; yata pralāpa — all crazy talking; nāhi pārāvāra — there was no limit; sei saba — all of them; varṇite — to describe; grantha — the book; haya — would be; su-vistāra — very voluminous.

vṛndāvana-dāsa — Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura; prathama — at first; ye — whatever; līlā — pastimes; varṇila — described; sei-saba — all of those; līlāra — of the pastimes; āmi — I; sūtra-mātra kaila — prepared only the synopsis.

tāṅra — his; tyakta — left out; avaśeṣa — remainders; saṅkṣepe kahila — I have described very briefly; līlāra bāhulye — because of the numerousness of the pastimes; grantha — this book; tathāpi — still; bāḍila — has increased.

ataeva — therefore; sei-saba — all those; līlā — pastimes; nā pāri — I am not able; varṇibāre — to narrate; samāpti kariluṅ — now I have finished; līlāke — to the pastimes; kari’ namaskāre — offering my respectful obeisances.

ye kichu — whatever; kahiluṅ — I have said; ei — this; dik-daraśana — just to make an indication; ei anusāre — in this way; habe — there will be; tāra — of that; āsvādana — tasting.

prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; gambhīra — deep; līlā — the pastimes; nā pāri — I am not able; bujhite — to understand; buddhi-praveśa nāhi — my intelligence cannot penetrate; tāte — because of this; nā pāri — I am not able; varṇite — to describe properly.

saba śrotā — all readers; vaiṣṇavera — of the Vaiṣṇavas; vandiyā caraṇa — offering respectful obeisances unto the lotus feet; caitanya-caritra — of the characteristics of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; varṇana — description; kailuṅ — I have done; samāpana — finishing.

ākāśa — the sky; ananta — unlimited; tāte — in that sky; yaiche — just as; pakṣi-gaṇa — all types of birds; yāra — of someone; yata śakti — whatever power; tata — that much; kare ārohaṇa — rises up and up.

aiche — similarly; mahāprabhura līlā — the pastimes of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; nāhi ora-pāra — there is no limit above or below; jīva hañā — being an ordinary living entity; kebā — who; samyak — fully; pāre — is able; varṇibāra — to describe.

yāvat — as far; buddhira gati — the limit of my intelligence; tateka — that far; varṇiluṅ — I have described; samudrera madhye — in the midst of the great ocean; yena — just like; eka kaṇa — one particle; chuṅiluṅ — I have touched.

nityānanda — of Lord Nityānanda Prabhu; kṛpā-pātra — the favorite devotee; vṛndāvana-dāsa — Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura; caitanya-līlāya — in the pastimes of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; teṅho — He; hayena — is; ādi-vyāsa — the original Vyāsadeva.

tāṅra āge — before him; yadyapi — although; saba — all; līlāra — of the pastimes; bhāṇḍāra — full store; tathāpi — still; alpa — very little; varṇiyā — describing; chāḍilena — he left; āra — the others.

ye kichu varṇiluṅ — whatever I have described; seha — them; saṅkṣepa — briefly; kariyā — doing; likhite nā pārena — Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura was not able to describe; tabu — still; rākhiyāchena — has kept; likhiyā — recording in writing.

caitanya-maṅgale — in the book named Caitanya-maṅgala; teṅho — Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura; likhiyāche — has written; sthāne-sthāne — in several places; sei vacana śuna — please hear those statements; sei parama-pramāṇe — that is the foremost proof.

saṅkṣepe kahiluṅ — I have described very briefly; vistāra nā yāya kathane — it is not possible to describe them in full; vistāriyā — elaborating; veda-vyāsa — a representative of Vyāsadeva; kariba — will do; varṇane — describing.

caitanya-maṅgale — in the book named Caitanya-maṅgala, now known as Caitanya-bhāgavata; ihā — this statement; likhiyāche — has written; sthāne-sthāne — in many places; satya — the truth; kahena — he says; āge — in the future; vyāsa kariba varṇane — Vyāsadeva will describe them more elaborately.

caitanya-līlā-amṛta-sindhu — the ocean of nectarean pastimes of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; dugdha-abdhi-samāna — exactly like the ocean of milk; tṛṣṇā-anurūpa — according to one’s thirst; jhārī — the pitcher; bhari’ — filling; teṅho — he; kailā pāna — drank.

tāṅra jhārī-śeṣa-amṛta — the remnants of the milk of Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura’s pitcher; kichu — some; more dilā — has given to me; tateke — by those remnants; bharila peṭa — my abdomen is filled; tṛṣṇā mora gelā — now my thirst has gone.

āmi — I; ati-kṣudra jīva — a very insignificant living being; pakṣī rāṅgā-ṭuni — just like a little bird with a red beak; se — he; yaiche — just as; tṛṣṇāya — in thirst; piye — drinks; samudrera pānī — the water of the sea; taiche — in the same way; āmi — I; eka kaṇa — one small particle; chuṅiluṅ — touched; līlāra — of the pastimes of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; ei dṛṣṭānte — by this example; jāniha — all of you know; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; līlāra vistāra — expansion of the pastimes.

āmi likhi — I write; eha mithyā — this is false; kari anumāna — I can infer; āmāra śarīra — my body; kāṣṭha-putalī-samāna — is exactly like a wooden doll.

vṛddha — an old man; jarā-ātura — troubled by invalidity; āmi — I; andha — blind; badhira — deaf; hasta hāle — my hands tremble; manaḥ-buddhi — mind and intelligence; nahe — not; mora — my; sthira — steady.

nānā-roga-grasta — infected with so many diseases; calite — to walk; vasite — to sit down; nā pāri — I am not properly able; pañca-roga-pīḍā-vyākula — always disturbed by five kinds of disease; rātri-dine — day or night; mari — I can die any time.

pūrve — previously; granthe — in the book; ihā — this; kariyāchi nivedana — I have submitted to the readers; tathāpi — still; likhiye — I write; śuna — please hear; ihāra kāraṇa — the reason for this.

śrī-govinda — Śrī Govindadeva; śrī-caitanya — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; śrī-nityānanda — Lord Nityānanda; śrī-advaita — Advaita Ācārya; śrī-bhakta — other devotees; āra — also; śrī-śrotṛ-vṛnda — the readers of this book; śrī-svarūpa — Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī; śrī-rūpa — Śrī Rūpa Gosvāmī; śrī-sanātana — Śrī Sanātana Gosvāmī; śrī-raghunātha-dāsa — Śrī Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī; śrī-guru — my spiritual master; śrī-jīva-caraṇa — the lotus feet of Śrī Jīva Gosvāmī; iṅhā sabāra — of all of them; caraṇa-kṛpāya — by the mercy of the lotus feet; lekhāya — causes to write; āmāre — me; āra eka — another one; haya — there is; teṅho — He; ati-kṛpā kare — shows me very great favor.

śrī-madana-gopāla — the Madana-mohana Deity of Vṛndāvana; more — me; lekhāya — causes to write; ājñā kari’ — by giving the order; kahite — to say; nā yuyāya — is not befitting; tabu — still; rahite — to remain silent; nā pāri — I am not able.

nā kahile — if I do not say; haya — there is; mora — my; kṛta-ghnatā-doṣa — fault of ingratitude; dambha kari — I am proud; bali’ — taking as; śrotā — O readers; nā kariha roṣa — do not be angry.

tomā-sabāra — of all of you; caraṇa-dhūli — the dust of the feet; karinu vandana — I have prayed to; tāte — for that reason; caitanya-līlā — the pastimes of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; haila — there was; ye — whatever; kichu — some; likhana — writing.

ebe — now; antya-līlā-gaṇera kari anuvāda — I beg to repeat all the facts of this Antya-līlā; anuvāda kaile — if it is repeated; pāi — I get; līlāra — of the pastime; āsvāda — taste.

prathama paricchede — in the first chapter; rūpera — of Rūpa Gosvāmī; dvitīya-milana — the second meeting with Lord Caitanya; tāra madhye — within that chapter; dui-nāṭakera — of the two dramas; vidhāna-śravaṇa — hearing of the process of writing.

tāra madhye — in that chapter; śivānanda-saṅge — with Śivānanda Sena; kukkura — the dog; āilā — came; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; tāre — unto him (the dog); kṛṣṇa kahāñā — inducing to chant Kṛṣṇa; mukta karilā — liberated.

dvitīye — in the second chapter; choṭa-haridāse — Junior Haridāsa; karāilā śikṣaṇa — He taught very strictly; tāra madhye — within that chapter; śivānandera — of Śivānanda Sena; āścarya darśana — the wonderful vision.

tṛtīye — in the third chapter; haridāsera — of Ṭhākura Haridāsa; mahimā pracaṇḍa — very forceful glories; dāmodara-paṇḍita — Dāmodara Paṇḍita; kailā — made; prabhure — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; vākya-daṇḍa — impudence of chastising by words.

prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; nāma diyā — delivering the holy name; kailā — did; brahmāṇḍa-mocana — the liberation of the universe; haridāsa — Haridāsa; karilā — did; nāmera — of the holy name; mahimā-sthāpana — the establishment of the glories.

caturthe — in the fourth chapter; śrī-sanātanera — of Sanātana Gosvāmī; dvitīya-milana — visiting for the second time; deha-tyāga haite — from committing suicide; tāṅra karilā rakṣaṇa — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu protected him.

jyaiṣṭha-māsera — of the month of May-June; dhūpe — in the sunshine; tāṅre — him; kailā — did; parīkṣaṇa — examining; śakti — potency; sañcāriyā — giving him; punaḥ — again; pāṭhāilā vṛndāvana — sent back to Vṛndāvana.

pañcame — in the fifth chapter; pradyumna-miśre — unto Pradyumna Miśra; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kṛpā karilā — showed mercy; rāya-dvārā — with the help of Rāmānanda Rāya; kṛṣṇa-kathā — topics of Kṛṣṇa; tāṅre śunāilā — made him hear.

tāra madhye — within that chapter; bāṅgāla-kavira — of a poet from Bengal; nāṭaka-upekṣaṇa — the rejection of the drama; svarūpa-gosāñi — Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī; kailā — did; vigrahera — of the Deity; mahimā-sthāpana — the establishment of the glories.

ṣaṣṭhe — in the sixth chapter; raghunātha-dāsa — Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī; prabhure mililā — met Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; nityānanda-ājñāya — by the order of Nityānanda Prabhu; ciḍā-mahotsava kailā — performed the festival of chipped rice.

dāmodara-svarūpa-ṭhāñi — to the care of Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī; tāṅre samarpila — the Lord entrusted him; govardhana-śilā — the stone from Govardhana Hill; guñjā-mālā — the garland of small conchshells; tāṅre dila — delivered to him.

saptama-paricchede — in the seventh chapter; vallabha bhaṭṭera milana — the meeting of Vallabha Bhaṭṭa with Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; nānā-mate — in various ways; kailā — did; tāṅra — his; garva — pride; khaṇḍana — dismantling.

aṣṭame — in the eighth chapter; rāmacandra-purīra āgamana — the arrival of Rāmacandra Purī; tāṅra bhaye — because of fear of him; kailā — did; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; bhikṣā saṅkocana — minimizing His eating.

navame — in the ninth chapter; gopīnātha-paṭṭanāyaka-mocana — the deliverance of Gopīnātha Paṭṭanāyaka, the brother of Rāmānanda Rāya; tri-jagatera — of the three worlds; loka — the people in general; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; pāila daraśana — got the audience.

daśame — in the tenth chapter; kahiluṅ — I have described; bhakta-datta-āsvādana — the tasting of the food given by the devotees; rāghava-paṇḍitera — of Rāghava Paṇḍita; tāhāṅ — therein; jhālira sājana — the assortment in the bags.

tāra madhye — within that chapter; govindera — of Govinda, His personal assistant; kailā — did; parīkṣaṇa — testing; tāra madhye — in that chapter; parimuṇḍā-nṛtyera varṇana — description of Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu’s dancing in the temple.

ekādaśe — in the eleventh chapter; haridāsa-ṭhākurera niryāṇa — the disappearance of Śrīla Haridāsa Ṭhākura; bhakta-vātsalya — affection for the devotees; yāhāṅ — wherein; dekhāilā — exhibited; gaura bhagavān — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

dvādaśe — in the twelfth chapter; jagadānandera — of Jagadānanda Paṇḍita; taila-bhañjana — breaking the oil pot; nityānanda — Lord Nityānanda; kailā — performed; śivānandere tāḍana — the chastisement of Śivānanda Sena.

trayodaśe — in the thirteenth chapter; jagadānanda — Jagadānanda Paṇḍita; mathurā yāi’ — going to Mathurā; āilā — returned; mahāprabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; deva-dāsīra — of the deva-dāsī dancing girl; gīta śunilā — heard the song.

raghunātha-bhaṭṭācāryera — of Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa; tāhāṅi — there; milana — meeting; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; tāṅre — to him; kṛpā kari’ — showing causeless mercy; pāṭhāilā vṛndāvana — sent to Vṛndāvana.

caturdaśe — in the fourteenth chapter; divya-unmāda-ārambha — the beginning of the spiritual trance of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; varṇana — describing; śarīra — the body; ethā — here; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; mana — the mind; gelā — went; vṛndāvana — to Vṛndāvana.

tāra madhye — in that chapter; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; siṁha-dvāre patana — falling down by the Siṁha-dvāra gate; asthi-sandhi — of the joints of the bones; tyāga — release; anubhāvera udgama — the awakening of a trance and emotion.

caṭaka-parvata — the hill known as Caṭaka-parvata; dekhi’ — seeing; prabhura dhāvana — the running of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; tāra madhye — in that chapter; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kichu — some; pralāpa varṇana — talking like a madman.

pañcadaśa-paricchede — in the fifteenth chapter; udyāna-vilāse — in His pastimes within the garden; vṛndāvana-bhrame — His mistaking the garden for Vṛndāvana; yāhāṅ — where; karilā praveśe — He entered.

tāra madhye — within that; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; pañca-indriya-ākarṣaṇa — the attraction of the five senses; tāra madhye — within that chapter; karilā — did; rāse — in the rāsa dance; kṛṣṇa-anveṣaṇa — searching for Kṛṣṇa.

ṣoḍaśe — in the sixteenth chapter; kālidāse — unto Kālidāsa; prabhu — Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kṛpā karilā — showed favor; vaiṣṇava-ucchiṣṭa khāibāra — of eating the remnants of food left by Vaiṣṇavas; phala dekhāilā — showed the result.

śivānandera — of Śivānanda Sena; bālake — the son; śloka karāilā — made to compose a verse; siṁha-dvāre — at the Siṁha-dvāra gate of the Jagannātha temple; dvārī — the doorkeeper; prabhure — unto Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kṛṣṇa dekhāilā — showed Lord Kṛṣṇa.

mahā-prasādera — of the remnants of the food of the Lord, mahā-prasādam; tāhāṅ — there; mahimā — the glories; varṇilā — described; kṛṣṇa-adhara-amṛtera — of the nectar from the lips of Kṛṣṇa; phala-śloka — the verse mentioning the result; āsvādilā — tasted.

saptadaśe — in the seventeenth chapter; gābhī-madhye — among the cows; prabhura patana — the falling down of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; kūrma-ākāra-anubhāvera — of ecstatic emotion in the form of a tortoise; tāhāṅi — there; udgama — awakening.

kṛṣṇera — of Lord Kṛṣṇa; śabda-guṇe — by the qualities of the sound; prabhura — of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; mana — the mind; ākarṣilā — was attracted; kā stry aṅga te ślokera — of the verse beginning with the words kā stry aṅga te; artha — the meaning; āveśe — in ecstasy; karilā — described.

bhāva-śābalye — from the aggregate of all ecstatic emotions; punaḥ — again; kailā pralapana — He talked like a madman; karṇāmṛtaślokera — of a verse from Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta; artha — the meaning; kailā vivaraṇa — described in detail.

aṣṭādaśa paricchede — in the eighteenth chapter; samudre patana — the Lord’s falling into the ocean; kṛṣṇa-gopī-jala-keli — the water pastimes of Kṛṣṇa and the gopīs; tāhāṅ daraśana — seeing there.

tāhāṅi — there; dekhilā — He saw; kṛṣṇera — of Kṛṣṇa; vanya-bhojana — a picnic in the forest; jāliyā — a fisherman; uṭhāila — caught Him; prabhu — the Lord; āilā — returned; sva-bhavana — to His own residence.

ūnaviṁśe — in the nineteenth chapter; bhittye — on the walls; prabhura mukha-saṅgharṣaṇa — the rubbing of the face of the Lord; kṛṣṇera viraha-sphūrti — the awakening of separation from Kṛṣṇa; pralāpa-varṇana — and talking like a crazy person.

vasanta-rajanīte — on a spring night; puṣpa-udyāne — in a flower garden; viharaṇa — the wandering; kṛṣṇera — of Lord Kṛṣṇa; saurabhya-ślokera — of a verse about the bodily fragrance; artha-vivaraṇa — describing the meaning.

viṁśa-paricchede — in the twentieth chapter; nija-śikṣāṣṭaka paḍiyā — reciting His own Śikṣāṣṭaka verses; tāra artha — their meaning; āsvādilā — tasted; prema-āviṣṭa hañā — being absorbed in ecstatic love.

bhakte — the devotees; śikhāite — to teach; yei — that which; śikṣā-aṣṭaka — eight instructions; kahilā — described; sei śloka-aṣṭakera — of the same eight verses; artha — the meaning; punaḥ āsvādilā — again He tasted.

mukhya-mukhya-līlāra — of the chief pastimes of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; artha — the meaning; kariluṅ — have done; kathana — describing; anuvāda haite — by repeating; smare — one remembers; grantha-vivaraṇa — the description in the book.

eka eka paricchedera — of every chapter; kathā — description; aneka-prakāra — different varieties; mukhya-mukhya kahiluṅ — I have repeated only the principal ones; kathā — discussions; nā yāya — not possible; vistāra — expansion.

śrī-rādhā-saha — with Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; śrī-madana-mohana — the Deity Madana-mohanajī; śrī-rādhā-saha — with Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; śrī-govinda-caraṇa — the lotus feet of Śrī Govindajī; śrī-rādhā-saha — with Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī; śrīla śrī-gopīnātha — the all-beautiful and opulent Gopīnāthajī; ei tina — all these three; ṭhākura — Deities; haya — are; gauḍiyāra nātha — worshipable by all the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas.

śrī-kṛṣṇa-caitanya — Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; śrī-yuta nityānanda — Lord Nityānanda; śrī-advaita-ācārya — Śrī Advaita Prabhu; śrī-gaura-bhakta-vṛnda — the devotees of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; śrī-svarūpa — Svarūpa Dāmodara Gosvāmī; śrī-rūpa — Śrī Rūpa Gosvāmī; śrī-sanātana — Śrīla Sanātana Gosvāmī; śrī-guru — the spiritual master; śrī-raghunātha — Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī; śrī-jīva-caraṇa — the lotus feet of Śrīla Jīva Gosvāmī; nija-śire dhari’ — catching on my head; ei sabāra caraṇa — the lotus feet of all of them; yāhā haite — by which action; haya — there is; saba — all; vāñchita-pūraṇa — the fulfilling of desires.

sabāra — of all of them; caraṇa-kṛpā — the mercy of the lotus feet; guru upādhyāyī — my teacher of Vedic instruction; mora vāṇī — my words; śiṣyā — the disciples; tāre — them; bahuta nācāi — I made dance in various ways.

śiṣyāra — of the disciples; śrama — the fatigue; dekhi’ — seeing; guru — the spiritual master; nācāna rākhilā — stopped causing the dancing; kṛpā — mercy; nā nācāya — does not make dance; vāṇī — the words; vasiyā — sitting down; rahilā — remain silent.

anipuṇā vāṇī — inexperienced words; āpane — by themselves; nācite — to dance; nā — not; jāne — know how; yata — whatever; nācāilā — caused to dance; nāci’ — after dancing; karilā viśrāme — took rest.

saba — all; śrotā-gaṇera — of the readers; kari — I do; caraṇa vandana — worshiping the lotus feet; yāṅ-sabāra — of all of whom; caraṇa-kṛpā — the mercy of the lotus feet; śubhera kāraṇa — the cause of all good fortune.

caitanya-caritāmṛta — the description of Lord Śrī Caitanya’s pastimes; yei jana śune — anyone who hears; tāṅra caraṇa — his lotus feet; dhuñā — washing; karoṅ — do; muñi — I; pāne — drinking.

śrotāra — of the audience; pada-reṇu — the dust of the lotus feet; karoṅ — I make; mastaka-bhūṣaṇa — a decoration on my head; tomarā — all of you; e-amṛta — this nectar; pile — having drunk; sa-phala — successful; haila — has become; śrama — my labor.

śrī-rūpa — Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī; raghunātha — Śrīla Raghunātha dāsa Gosvāmī; pade — at the lotus feet; yāra — whose; āśa — expectation; caitanya-caritāmṛta — the book named Caitanya-caritāmṛta; kahe — describes; kṛṣṇadāsa — Śrīla Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja Gosvāmī.

caritam — the character and activities; amṛtam — nectarean; etat — this; śrīla — most opulent; caitanya — Lord Caitanya Mahāprabhu; viṣṇoḥ — of Him who is Lord Viṣṇu Himself, the Supreme Personality of Godhead; śubha-dam — giving auspiciousness; aśubha-nāśi — destroying all inauspiciousness; śraddhayā — with faith and love; āsvādayet — should taste; yaḥ — anyone who; tat-amala-pada-padme — at the spotless lotus feet of the Supreme Personality of Godhead; bhṛṅgatām etya — becoming like a bumblebee; saḥ — that person; ayam — this; rasayati — tastes; rasam — transcendental mellow; uccaiḥ — a large quantity; prema-mādhvīka — of the wine of ecstatic love; pūram — full.

śrīmat — all-beautiful; madana-gopāla — of the Madana-mohana Deity; govinda-deva — of the Śrī Govindadeva Deity in Vṛndāvana; tuṣṭaye — for the satisfaction; caitanya-arpitam — offered to Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu; astu — let it be; etat — this book; caitanya-caritāmṛtam — containing the nectarean activities of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu.

parimala — with the scent; vāsita — perfumed; bhuvanam — the whole world; sva-rasa-unmādita — inspired by their own mellows; rasa-jña — devotees; rolambam — like bumblebees; giridhara-caraṇa-ambhojam — the lotus feet of Lord Giridhārī; kaḥ — who; khalu — certainly; rasikaḥ — a realized soul; samīhate hātum — endeavors to give up.

śāke — in the Śakābda Era; sindhu-agni-vāṇa-indau — in 1537; jyaiṣṭhe — in the month of Jyaiṣṭha (May-June); vṛndāvana-antare — in the forest of Vṛndāvana; sūrya-ahe — on the day of the sun (Sunday); asita-pañcamyām — on the fifth day of the dark fortnight; granthaḥ — book; ayam — this (Caitanya-caritāmṛta); pūrṇatām — completion; gataḥ — achieved.